The Rite Of Nokan Or The Encoffinment Religion Essay

The Rite Of Nokan Or The Encoffinment Religion Essay The rite of Nokan or the encoffinment where the corpse was placed in a casket during the funeral. Traditionally, the ceremony was to relieve the family of their grief by cleansing the dead of all his worldly suffering, while hoping they would have a better life in the afterlife. The specialist handled all the necessary requirements for ease of passage into the afterlife. In early times there were two main traditions practiced Shinto and Buddhist traditions. According to Shinto traditions, the dead as well as the family unit from which he/she came from were considered to be unclean and impure; therefore the corpse had to be washed for purification. Traditional Japanese believed that the dead persons soul remained impure for some period following death before purification through memorials done by the relatives of the dead; thereafter the soul was deindividuated into an ancestor god or goddess. Traditional Japanese opinion that dead people are impure is based on the Kojiki myth, where maggots came out of the rotting body of a god. Traditionally burial gowns were also considered garments for travelling that prepared the dead when travelling to the other world. The encoffinment rite was done by the family members as death was unclean. In modern times, in keeping with this rite, family members wipe the corpse clean with a cotton cloth dipped in alcohol with the assistance funeral specialists. Traditionally Japanese funerals were to serve as prayers for the deceased persons soul while also serving as the familys time for public mourning as it was meant to keep their loved one in their memories. Typically a Japanese funeral follows the sequence: when someone dies, they are placed to rest in their homes. The corpse was placed with the head pointing the North, copying the deathbed of Gautama, and the head of the bed is well decorated. Then the previously mentioned encoffinment process. The first night after ones death is called the Tsuya; and it is for close family and friends to remember their beloved. In the morning, a cleansing meal is served called Okiyome. The funeral is thereafter carried out where the Jukai rite also known as receipt of commandments gives the dead an opportunity to receive the Buddhist commandments, automatically making the dead a disciple of the Buddha, and the dead person is accepted into Buddha hood. After all this, the deceased embarks on the journey to the other world as the coffin is carried out of the house and burnt in a crematorium to ashes. Presently about 99% Japanese are cremated while only about 1% are interred. These changes in preference on the method of sending off the dead have been brought about by the Countrys main religion, changes in dwelling environments and changes in technologies. During the high-growth era of the 1970s, cremation became popular outside of metropolitan areas and crematoriums were built in several places as a matter of national requirement. VIEWS HELD BY JAPANESE ON CORPSES Generally the elderly Japanese do not perceive the body and soul as a duality, that is flesh and spirit. The corpse is considered a very important part and if funeral rites are not carried out, the deceaseds soul will not be mourned. It is very important that the corpse is attended to and the death is mourned by as many people as possible. Additionally the corpse must be well taken care of until all rites have been carried out. The body is not just considered a vehicle or an object or a shell for the soul but it is considered an entity with a will, hopes and rights therefore the family has a responsibility to care for them, respect them and accord them a befitting farewell.. CONTINUATION OF LIFE AND DEATH The Japanese considered death a passageway leading to the continuation of death and life. The Japanese held contradicting ideas concerning the dead. Even though they wish for and hope that the dead resurrect, they live in fear of the spirit and the possible return of the dead founded on the Shintoist principle of impurity, as explained earlier on in the funeral rites. They believe impurity is transmissible and transferrable and that, a house that experienced a death and even those involved in handling the corpse are also impure. Therefore Japanese funerals have a combination of rites to reaffirming death, protect the dead, and prevent bad luck and curses and prevent the dead from resurrecting. Some practices invoke the spirit of the dead from having a feeling of longing; which include Ichizen-meshi a single bowl of rice given to the dead and Matsugo-no-mizu which is water given to the dead at the time of death. There are other contrasting customs like the Sakasa-buton or upside-down futon, whereby the dead persons blanket is placed facing upside-down, and the Sakasa-byobu or upside-down folding of the dead ones screen, where a folding screen is placed upside-down on top of the head of the deceaseds bed, and Sakasa-mizu or upside-down water, where the water for cleaning the corpse is prepared by adding hot water into cold water rather than pouring cold water into hot water as normal. All this is done with the primary aim of separating the scary situation of death from peoples day to day lives and also to prevent pulling others in to death. Other customs were also used traditionally to make it impossible for the departed soul to remain in this life or to make an attempt to return to this life. They included making burial gowns without closed stitches or backstitches , and the practice of turning the coffin three times when taking it out of the house which was done in order to confuse the deceased preventing them from ever coming back home. Similarly the deceaseds bowl of rice is shattered, and the deceased exits the house through an exit that is not the front door. Throwing of salt is also another practice aimed to remove the uncleanness and impurity brought about by the death. Up to now, there is the Kichu custom a 49-day mourning and grieving period, during which the family does not attend any festivities. During this period, since the family was made unclean by the death it is shunned and avoided. There is also Mochu which is a one-year period. A time when the family mourns the death of their member and remembers the departed. Conclusion In conclusion we have discussed in this assignment how traditional Japanese viewed death their traditions and their myths concerning death and all the elaborate preparations they carried out when sending off their dead relatives. Why and how all the rites were practiced. How the deceaseds family had a responsibility to give the dead a befitting burial and respect them because it was assumed that the dead retained their individuality as they had it before their deaths. The idea and belief that death is a station led to a continuation and made it possible for communication between the old and the dead.

The Epidemic of Teenagers Using Drugs

The Epidemic of Teenagers Abusing Drugs Krystyn Romualdo COM/156 November 18, 2012 Jackie Hudspeth Jr The Epidemic of Teenagers Abusing Drugs To have known so many people that have struggled with drug addiction in their teenage years it has become very apparent what a vital time in one’s life it is to know the dangers of abusing drugs as a teenager. Even though not all teens abuse drugs, it is an epidemic in the United States because more teens are turning to drugs to escape or use out of boredom.Take my younger brother for instance; he has struggled with drug addiction from the time he was a teenager into his early twenties. My brother Matthew started off smoking pot and drinking socially out of boredom. Then he found the drug crack cocaine to escape from reality as his world came crashing down around him. Once he found that drug he went overboard and started stealing electronics and pawning them for money to buy his drugs. From there he would also beg people for money and ob tain it to get his fix. He would clean up for about a week at a time but would fall right back into it.He would blast his music in his room while he was high on drugs. He would also disappear for days at a time while on a drug binge. After stealing everything in my mother’s house my mother finally committed him to a drug rehabilitation center. The first one failed. The second one failed. Matthew just could not get off the drugs. He to this day struggles with drug addiction, and he is now twenty four. However Matthew is just one of many with stories like these. Let us look at how many others are a part of this vicious cycle known as drug abuse among teens.A lot of teenagers abuse drugs for a variety of reasons, stress from school, social acceptance or low self-esteem, self-medication, misinformation, and easy access to name several. Seventy three percent of teens of teens report the number one reason for using drugs is to deal with the pressures and stress of school. This was done by the Partnership for a Drug-Free America (2010). They have to deal with the pressures of being socially accepted, what clothes they are wearing if they are â€Å"cool† and the overall stress of their schoolwork. Self-medication being nother reason teenagers use drugs is huge. One self-medicates to deal with all types of stress that they feel like they cannot cope with. There was a study conducted in 2009 that reported an estimated seventy percent of teens suffer from undiagnosed clinical depression perhaps at some point in their life. Depression is a leading cause and effect of why teens turn to drugs. Many teens are unaware that they have an underlying mental or mood disorder that is causing them to use illegal or prescription drugs to self-medicate and cope with their symptoms.Teenagers abuse drugs due to misinformation with studies showing that many teenagers do not know the effects of drugs. Most teens do not see any major risk with abusing drugs. Forty one percent of teens mistakenly believe that it is safer to abuse a prescription drug over a street drug. Teens also abuse drugs for social acceptance. They want to be accepted by their peers so they do drugs just to be part of a group or clique. Another reason is low self-esteem. People who feel down on themselves are more likely to abuse drugs to feel better about themselves.Easy access is one of the main reasons teenagers easily get addicted to drugs. Almost fifty percent of teenagers say it is easy for them to get marijuana; seventeen percent say it is easy to get methamphetamine; fourteen percent mention that it is easy obtain heroine and over fifty percent of teens say it is easy to get prescription drugs from their parents’ medicine cabinets. Let us explore how one teenager became addicted to drugs by going through the medicine cabinets of his own family. This teenager was a football star and had made more wins for his team than he can count.But he started to have troubling pain in his hamstring. He decided at first to just walk it off instead of going to the doctor. This teenager walked it off until he could not endure it anymore. He remembered that his father had a surgery a while back. So he searched for the medication and found a prescription pill bottle that said Percocet on it. The bottle said to take every four to six hours for pain. Now Percocet is a strong painkiller that is highly addictive. This teenager was unaware of its high addiction level so he started to take them as directed.When he ran out of those he found more prescription painkillers from his brother’s medicine cabinet because he had to win the big game. Once he found his brother’s medicine he had enough to last him to win the big and final game. He won the big game but afterwards he ran out of medicine. He started to get sick and began to experience hot and cold sweats and realized he was physically addicted to prescription drugs. He had to go through withdrawals to real ize he was physically addicted to the drugs. But withdrawals are just one of many results of using or abusing drugs.There are many bad outcomes to abusing drugs. Some teenagers just waste away their lives. Others hurt the ones they love by stealing from them or treating them horribly when they are coming down off their high. Some teens become very violent and out of control towards everyone around them. Some teens run away and disappear for life. Other teenagers get raped not even knowing it unless someone tells them what happened unless they were awake during the rape. A rising problem among teens and drug use is teen pregnancy.Minimally, one million teenage girls become pregnant annually, reports the Women’s International Network News (1992). One study of youth in three urban areas found that between twenty nine and forty two percent of the girls studied reported being pregnant at least once before the age of seventeen (Huizinga, Loeber, & Thornberry, 1993). The effects of this has caused a decline in furthering education and an incline in single parenthood as most young men do not stay to support the child or even be there for the teenage girl during pregnancy let alone post-partum.Another bad outcome is teenage violence. Teenagers are particularly vulnerable to violence and victimization. They are at a high risk for interfamilial emotional, physical and sexual abuse (Strom, K. , Oguinick, C. M. , & Singer, M. I. Page 3, 1995). They experience twice the amount of violence adults do. Some of the violence includes theft, assault, and rape. On a ten point scale drug abuse was at an 8. 5 for teens being at a high risk (Stephens, G. Page 2, 2010). It is not all grim as there is hope. There are many resources to help teenagers overcome the use of drugs. One is in the schools.Knowing that school drop outs and failure in school are contributors to drug use it is clear how critical it is to have an educational facility with competent, caring teachers working with parents and the community (Stephens, G. Page 3, 2010). However, most teens in this digital age, do better turning to campaigns such as Above the Influence and Under Your Own Influence. Under Your Own Influence was a campaign that started off in several schools and ran a campaign from 1992 to 1995. Above the Influence is a campaign that still continues today on a national level. Both were started to get kids to stay off marijuana butAbove the Influence has turned into a national campaign to stay off all drugs. Be Under Your Own Influence was found to reduce marijuana uptake in an earlier randomized community trial. It was re-branded as Above the Influence by the Office of National Drug Control Policy (Slater, M. , Kelly, K. , Lawrence, F. , Stanley, L. , & Comello, M. Page 1). Above the Influence not only serves as a television media campaign but has its own website with tons of information and help such as testimonials, ways to help a friend and interactive communications to ke ep kids off of drugs and above the influence of them.Even though not all teens abuse drugs, it is an epidemic in the United States because more teens are turning to drugs to escape or use out of boredom. We have experienced my own personal account of knowing someone addicted to drugs. You have seen the numbers of how easy it is for teens to get drugs and why they abuse them. We have seen how prescription drug abuse comes about. We have explored some of the outcomes of drug abuse and what resources are available to help teens overcome or abstain from drug abuse. If you know a teenager abusing drugs, help them help themselves and get them the help that they need.References (American Psychological Association). Strom, K. , Oguinick, C. M. , & Singer, M. I. (1995). What do Teenagers Want? What do Teenagers Need?. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 12 (5), 345-359. (American Psychological Association). Lindstrom, M. (2011). PAIN PILLS?. Odyssey 20(7), 30. (American Psychological Ass ociation). Stephens, G. (2010). Youth at Risk: A New Plan for Saving The World’s Most Precious Resource. Futurist, 44 (4), 16. (American Psychological Association). Johnson, A. O. , Mink, M. D. , Harun, N. , Moore, C. G. , Martin, A. B. Bennett, K. J. (2008). Violence and Drug Use in Rural Teens: National Prevalence Estimates from the 2003 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Journal of School Health, 78 (10), 554-561. doi:10. 1111/j. 1746-1561. 2008. 00343. x (American Psychological Association). Slater, M. , Kelly, K. , Lawrence, F. , Stanley, L. , & Comello, L. (2011). Assessing media campaigns linking marijuana non-use with autonomy and aspirations: â€Å"Be Under Your Own Influence† and ONDCP’s â€Å"Above the Influence†. Prevention Science: The Official Journal of The Society For Prevention Research, 12(1), 12-22.

Jane Austen’s use of Gothic Traditions in Northanger Abbey Essay

The term ‘Gothic’ was first really used by Italian writers who ‘accredited’ what they thought was the ugliness of the art and architecture of the twelfth to fifteenth centuries. They often related this art and architecture to the northern tribes of German Barbarians known as the ‘Goths’; these were the first to corrupt the style of the grand architecture back. They would make towers that were too tall, walls that were too thick and arches that were too steeply pointed – thus destroying the architecture of the generation. By adding such grotesque and mysterious objects such as gargoyles, the Italian writers seemed as though they were just adding insult to injury. They were horrified. But just as ‘Gothic’ was at its peak around the mid-fourteenth century, it seemed to decline slowly and make its way into a history book, never to be seen again. But by the late eighteenth century, the Gothic revival was back in business, and more popular than ever before! The Gothic revival was first started by a man named Horace Walpole (1717-1797), as a reaction against the Classicism of the previous era. Horace was a writer who transformed his simple home into the most Gothic building of its age. It had pillars, vaults, arches, and a great tower. This signalled the beginning of a new cultural era. Walpole’s Gothic house was inspired by a dream, which he could only describe as † I had thought myself in an ancient castle†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Inspired by his vision, Walpole sat down and produced ‘The Castle of Otranto’, the world’s first Gothic novel and named one of the most influential novels in the history of English literature. In response to this, there were of course many other Gothic novels to be published, among these, was the very popular ‘The Mysteries of Udolpho’ by Ann Radcliffe. Gothic novels between 1790 and 1830 fell within the category of romantic literature, and you could say it was a rebellion against the formality and rigidity of how other kinds of literature were written at that time. Ever since ‘The Castle of Otranto’, many Gothic novels have followed the similar pattern: the terrifying old castle on the hill or the misty graveyard. The setting is always greatly influential in Gothic novels. It not only evokes the atmosphere of horror and trepidation, but it also portrays the dramatic deterioration of what used to be a beautiful piece of architecture. At one time the abbey, castle or mansion was something treasured and appreciated, but now it is just a mere shadow of its former self. As for traditional Gothic characters, there is always a hero, usually a female, who has no idea of how to deal with the situations put towards her, and you are always able to see a pattern in their characterisation. There is almost always an isolated protagonist, and their part in the story is mainly summarised nearing the dramatic end of the story. Then, there is the villain, who is the epitome of evil. This character could be anyone you could think of; mad scientist, inn keeper, or baron of the manor house. The Gothic novel could be seen as a description of a fallen world and we experience this world through all aspects of the novel: plot, setting, characters and theme. In order for a novel to be Gothic, it must be accurate to Gothic traditions, impeccable language, possibly of old chapters in history. But with great novels come great sceptics; Jane Austen was not altogether pleased with this new genre of writing. She did not regard Gothic novels as ‘proper literature’. She criticised the readers of the novels (mainly young teenage girls). Jane Austen went about her earlier criticisms of Gothic novels to little avail; people still enjoyed reading them and by 1798, Gothic novels were at their peak in fashion although it was never taken seriously as literature. Jane Austen knew she had to do something drastic to proclaim her annoyance of this new genre; so she wrote a parody, Northanger Abbey. Yet the characteristics shown in Chapter 1 do not suggest that Catherine Morland was a Gothic Heroine at all! Catherine Morland is the heroine of the book. She is described as having â€Å"a thin awkward figure, a sallow skin without colour, dark lank hair, and strong features–† and that â€Å"and not less unpropitious for heroism seemed her mind†. Her behaviour was equally inept: â€Å"She was fond of all boy’s plays, and greatly preferred cricket not merely to dolls, but to the more heroic enjoyments of infancy, nursing a dormouse, feeding a canary-bird, or watering a rosebush†. Jane Austen employs great irony to describe her, satirising â€Å"her abilities† as â€Å"quite as extraordinary†. Austen ends with the comment â€Å"She never could learn or understand anything before she was taught; and sometimes not even then, for she was often inattentive, and occasionally stupid†. By Chapter 5, Catherine is taken to Bath by some wealthy godparents for her first experience of high society, attending various balls and parties. Catherine meets Isabella Thorpe, an attractive, flirtatious young lady, who introduces her to Gothic novels, such as the ‘Castle of Otranto’ and Catherine is ‘enchanted’ by them. But most of the Gothic moments happen during Catherine’s visit to the Abbey itself. For example, in Chapter 21, during the day, Catherine notices a large chest, standing at one side of the fireplace in her bedroom: ‘The sight of it made her start; and, forgetting everything else, she stood gazing on it in motionless wonder, while these thoughts crossed her’. In classic gothic style, Catherine questions herself: ‘An immense heavy chest! What could it hold? Why should it be placed here?’ This is an example of Austen’s Gothic parodying of the gothic characters and literary style it is, aimed to mock the traditional Gothic heroines who followed this curiosity, usually a feature in all Gothic novels. But it also mocks the way the novels are written. Panting punctuation, excessive exclamation marks and ridiculous hyperbolic adjectives. We see an example of her gothic language when she speaks to herself (concerning the chest): â€Å"I will look into it; cost me what it may, I will look into it, and directly too—-by daylight†. We cannot deny that Catherine is somewhat ‘over-doing it’ with the ridiculous questions â€Å"What could it hold? Why should it be placed here?†. The Chest is described with ridiculous accuracy: â€Å"The lock was silver, though tarnished from age; at each end were the imperfect remains of handles also of silver, broken perhaps prematurely by some strange violence; and, on the centre of the lid, was a mysterious cipher, in the same metal†. This over-descriptive language creates a tense gothic-style passage yet in a way, is ‘too gothic’. By doing this, Austen succeeds in making a ‘spoof’ as it were, of gothic novels written previous to this novel. Catherine decides to investigate, by opening the chest: â€Å"and seized, with trembling hands, the grasp of the lock† and â€Å"she raised the lid a few inches; but at that moment a sudden knocking at the door†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This is when the maid enters; this build-up of tension, and sudden interruption is very anticlimactic, and we see this not only once in Northanger Abbey. When Catherine dismisses the maid, she goes at the chest once more, only to find that it contains white linen! Once again, an anticlimax, which leaves Catherine very surprised (and embarrassed, when Miss Tilney enters shortly afterwards). Later on in this Chapter, Catherine comes to discover a Japan Cabinet: â€Å"She took her candle and look closely at the cabinet. It was not absolutely ebony and gold; but it was Japan†. Catherine (like any other Gothic heroine) is intrigued by this new discovery, and decides to open it, hoping the contents would be more exciting than them of the chest. Thr sequence of events happen by night, giving the cabinet an almost mysterious awe about it, which would only add to the tone of the passage. Austen uses words like â€Å"mysteriously†, â€Å"the wind roared† and â€Å"the rain beat down in torrents against the windows† to give the scene an even more gothic-like tone. Catherine finds that however hard she turns the key on the cabinet, however she manages to open it â€Å"the door suddenly yielded to her hand: her heart leaped with exultation at such a victory† revealing a series of lesser bolts and doors within the cabinet. Catherine’s curiosity would not stop there. She decided to delve further into the cabinet of mystery! A lot of the text on the page is devoted to the examination of this cabinet. â€Å"With less alarm and greater eagerness she seized a second, a third, a fourth–each was equally empty†: this was describing the many smaller drawers within the Japan Cabinet, all with seemingly obvious, predictable outcomes – they contained nothing. The tension has become somewhat lost however in one of the other drawers Catherine finds a parchment: â€Å"her eyes directly fell on a roll of paper pushed back into the further part of the cavity†. There is an air of tension, as Catherine reaches out to unveil what the manuscript beholds. But suddenly (dramatic tension), â€Å"The dimness of the light her candle emitted made her turn to it with alarm; but there was no danger of its sudden extinction† – the candle was flickering yet she did not think it would go out. However the flame did go out: â€Å"Alas! it was snuffed and extinguished in one†. Catherine was now submerged into complete darkness (very much gothic; darkness and candles becoming suddenly snuffed out). Austen uses words like â€Å"horror† and â€Å"trembled† to create an atmosphere of terror and uncertainty. As Catherine stood â€Å"motionless with horror† she thought she could hear â€Å"receding footsteps†. This usage of noises in a perfectly still, quiet and dark atmosphere is used to scare not just Catherine but the reader also. â€Å"A cold sweat stood on her forehead, the manuscript fell from her hand† and she hastily jumped back into bed. This is very anticlimactic, and very unlike a gothic heroine to come running back to a place of safety. One would expect a gothic heroine to relight the candle and look at the parchment nevertheless. However, that is not the case in this instance. A sense of tension is still apparent in the text when Catherine can still hear the slow ‘ticking’ of the clocks in a silent atmosphere – this is bound to be unnerving for Catherine. The weather is still apparent, keeping the tone a tense and restless one: â€Å"The storm still raged, and various were the noises, more terrific than the wind, which struck at intervals on her startled ear†. Austen also uses â€Å"Hollow murmurs seemed to creep along the gallery† to keep the tension on tenterhooks. However, the sheer fact that Catherine falls asleep destroys the atmosphere and tension completely, as we turn to a completely new chapter. Jane Austen’s uses of Gothic traditions are very apparent in this text: she describes the room and the Cabinet so vividly. She adds the traditional gothic tone, the pathetic fallacy, the weather, at night, the rain, and the storm, † The night was stormy; the wind had been rising at intervals the whole afternoon: and by the time the party broke up, it blew and rained violently† all Gothic traditions yet Catherine running back to her bed scared left on a gothic cliff hanger of suspense, however when Catherine ran back to her bed it was totally anticlimactic. In the morning (and the opening of Chapter twenty-two), the scene is completely different. Sun is pouring through the windows and birds are singing. Catherine discovers the precious lists are only laundry bills, â€Å"‘To poultice chestnut mare,’ a farrier’s bill!†: this is very anticlimactic. But this is why Northanger Abbey is a parody, continually acting against what Gothic novels are based around and may contain. Later in chapter twenty-two, Catherine is talking to Eleanor about the death of her mother, and her father’s relationship with her mother. Many of these questions were very rude and personal. As the conversation led on, Catherine drew new conclusions about Mrs Tilney’s death: that General Tilney had murdered his wife and was hiding her away secretly somewhere in the Abbey. This is another example of Catherine’s strange and vivid imagination. â€Å"Was she a very charming woman? Was she handsome? Was there any picture of her in the abbey? And why had she been so partial to that grove? Was it from dejection of spirits?†. These were some of the questions Catherine was asking herself. This is very insensitive, whilst talking on such a delicate matter as a family member. This is unlike a gothic heroine to ask so many questions. The two come onto the subject of a portrait of Mrs Tilney, and how General Tilney most not have valued her, â€Å"A portrait, very like, of a departed wife, not valued by her husband† and that because of this microcosm, â€Å"He must have been dreadfully cruel to her†. Catherine relates these misunderstanding to those of characters she had read in other gothic novels previous to her visit to the abbey: â€Å"She had often read of such characters; characters, which Mr. Allen had been used to call unnatural and overdrawn† . Right now Catherine is mixing fact with fiction, and lets her imagination run wild with vivid ideas of how General Tilney is an evil baron of some sort. Catherine often hears the slightest microcosm, yet turns it into a macrocosm, and lets these new ideas go to her head, and we see this is exactly the case in Chapter 24. Jane Austen’s use of questions and thoughts in Catherine’s head gives us an insight into how the mind of a gothic heroine works, however Catherine has been too taken in by other novels that she actually dreams of becoming a gothic heroine and wants to have a passion for danger (thus the investigations at nightfall in chapter 21 and yearning for answers to the ‘mystery’ which never was). Yet her profile (in Chapter 1) tells us otherwise; it mentions she is nothing at all like a gothic heroine! This new wild passion for mystery and conspiracy led Catherine to enter Mrs Tilney’s room in chapter twenty-four, just when General Tilney was out on a walk: â€Å"The general’s early walk, ill-timed as it was in every other view, was favourable here; and when she knew him to be out of the house, she directly proposed to Miss Tilney the accomplishment of her promise. Eleanor was ready to oblige her; and Catherine reminding her as they went of another promise, their first visit in consequence was to the portrait in her bed-chamber† When she ventures in â€Å"On tiptoe she entered† she notices that the room is entirely normal: â€Å"She could not be mistaken as to the room; but how grossly mistaken in everything else!–in Miss Tilney’s meaning, in her own calculation!†, Catherine expected to enter a room full of mysterious torture instruments and dungeon-like atmosphere. Instead, there was normal furniture, paintings and various other decorations: â€Å"She saw a large, well-proportioned apartment, an handsome dimity bed, arranged as unoccupied with an housemaid’s care, a bright Bath stove, mahogany wardrobes, and neatly painted chairs, on which the warm beams of a western sun gaily poured through two sash windows† – yet again we see the over descriptive language which is ever present in the novel. This is an anticlimax and not Gothic because Catherine was expecting something very different. Northanger Abbey is the epitome of Gothic Spoof. Jane Austen succeeds in mocking what Gothic novels are all about, the content and the way the characters act, as well as the young teenage girls who read them. The description of places and objects is amusingly hyperbolic, and excellent as a parody of a gothic novel. It has to be, because the trend of Gothic novels is to have deep descriptions, and Austen is able to utilize the gothic traditions and add to them somewhat ridiculously! Austen makes good use of the characters i.e. Catherine, and you are able to see what they do and what they think. Austen is good at writing in a gothic style – she builds up tension and pulls us in, only to let there be an anticlimax and let us down. She makes good use of Ann Radcliffe’s Mysteries of Uldopho and the way she entwined some of the ideas from that book to this novel.

Functionalism Of Brazil Cause Or Style - 1623 Words

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Education as a Reflection of Social Values in Langston...

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Judicial Rulings with Prospective Effect in Australia

Question: Discuss about the Judicial Rulings with Prospective Effect in Australia. Answer: Introduction: A lease agreement was entered into between Andrew and Kathy. Under the terms of the agreement, Kathy leased her premise located in Rownville Flats in New South Wales to Andrew for a period of five years. The purpose for which Andrew took possession of the property was for practicing physiotherapy and for conducting exercise classes. The period of lease commenced from 1 April 2015. The lease was a registered lease and Kathy was the owner of such property. In August 2015, some construction and repairing works were being carried on in the arcade for three weeks which caused difficulty to Andrew in carrying out his physiotherapy practices. Subsequently, he complained about such repairing activates to Kathy. In a reply Kathy confirmed him that the repairing work would not be carried on for long. Andrew also made some complaints regarding some stuffs in the premises which needed replacement. But Kathy did not pay any attention to him. Andrew was aware of the fact that he had to incur a lot of expenses for doing those replacements and therefore he took a decision of giving up his business. He decided to sublet the lease to Courtney who agreed to continue with the conducting of exercise classes. Kathy did not permit for the assignment of the lease. Legal issues involved in the case The rent of properties in New South Wales is governed by Residential Tenancies Act 1987 and the Landlord and Tenant (Rental Bonds) Act 1977(Stratton, 2013). Under the provisions laid down under the legislations, a tenant can only sublet the tenanted premise with the consent of the landlord (Hepburn Jaynes, 2013). In the instant case, under the terms of the present agreement (Clause 5) between the landlord (Kathy) and tenant(Andrews), the tenant was not allowed to assign the rented premise or sublet it to any other person without the written consent of the landlord. Therefore, legally the tenant has no right to sublet the premise to any other person without taking the consent of the landlord (Pagura, 2015).But in the present case, it would be highly unfair to Andrew if he is not allowed to sublet the premise to Courtney. It is an established principle that the Court may sometimes deviate from the actual language of a legislation to do justice to the parties (Douglas et al., 2015). The Courts have the responsibility to dispense justice to the parties appearing before it. It may not be always possible to render complete justice by adhering to the actual provision laid down under the legislations. Sometimes, it becomes inevitable to deviate from the actual provisions of the legislations so that complete justice may be done to the parties. Under the facts of the instant case, Andrew could not be expected to run a sound business given the number of obstructions he was facing. Andrew was having a lot of difficulty to conduct physiotherapy activities in the rented premise. Firstly there were things which needed immediate replacement but the landlord paid no heed towards addressing such issues. Secondly, the repairing activities which were going on in Kathys arcade caused much hindrance to Andrew. Under these circumstances, Andrew could not be reasonably supposed to fulfil the purpose for which he had taken the premise on lease. Therefore, Andrew had rightly decided to give up his business as he was not being able to make any profit out of the physiotherapy activities. Things became worse when Kathy declined to cooperate with him. Given that Andrew was facing difficulty in running the business, Kathy could have extended her helping hand by replacing the needful things in the premise. Thus, the landlord has acted in an unfa ir manner by two ways: firstly, by carrying out repairing works which caused a lot of inconvenience to Andrew for a period of continuous three weeks and secondly by not cooperating with her tenant in replacing the carpet or repairing the tap. Kathy should have allowed Andrew to sublet the lease because logically if we see Kathy had no objection in letting someone to conduct physiotherapy activities in her premise. The person to whom Andrew wanted to sublet the premise agreed to carry on the similar activities which Andrew was doing in the premise. Hence, when a landlord can rent her premise to a tenant for carrying on a particular activity, there is no reason why she cannot allow the same premise to be used by another person for carrying on similar activities in the premise (Wosskow, 2014). She could have possibly disallowed the selling of health products and exercise equipment from the premise but she could have easily allowed Courtney to conduct physiotherapy activities in her premise. The act of landlord in this case is quite unreasonable and unjustified. Moreover, Andrew was not in a position to incur so much expenses in replacing the relevant things in the premise which needed immediate replacement. His decision to give up the business is quite reasonable under the circumstances. Kathys refusal to let Andrew sublet the premise to Courtney is absolutely unreasonable. In fact so much discretion should not be given to the landlord; otherwise it would be highly unfair to the tenant. A landlord is supposed to take care of all the necessities required in a premise. If she did not want her premise to be sublet by the tenant, should have at least agreed to replace the things which the tenant demanded for. Nevertheless, she had refused to do the necessary replacements. Hence, the landlord has not been fair to the tenant and she has taken undue advantage of the fact she was the owner of the premise. The tenant in the present circumstances has not been able to carry on his business properly in the rented premise and the adverse conditions have not let his business prosper. Thus, it has been unfair to the tenant and therefore, in the light of the present circumstances, he should be allowed to sublet his premise to Courtney. Though, the clause under the lease agreement does not allow the tenant to sublet the rented premise without a written permission of the landlord, but circumstances of the instant case are special and they need special attention as well. Had the landlord been cooperative and had she given all support to her tenant, we could have drawn a different conclusion. But, in the instant case, the landlord has simply made abuse of her discretionary power and therefore she should be restrained from disallowing Andrew to sublet the premise. This would be a prudent decision in the light of equity and good conscience. References: Douglas, J., Atkins, E., Clift, H. (2015). Judicial Rulings with Prospective Effect in Australia. In Comparing the Prospective Effect of Judicial Rulings Across Jurisdictions (pp. 349-358). Springer International Publishing. Hepburn, S. J., Jaynes, S. (2013). The nature and scope of rights of removal. Property Law Review, 2(3), 123-138. Pagura, I. (2015). Law report: Leases,'what you need to know'. Journal of the Australian Traditional-Medicine Society, 21(2), 119. Stratton, J. (2013). Case study 2: The right to housing. Hot Topics: Legal Issues in Plain Language, (85), 28. Wosskow, D. (2014). Unlocking the sharing economy: An independent review.